not

STANDARDY, SLUZBY

= preco tie veci vznikli a co bol pre ne impulz a co sa riesilo pri ich vzniku

+ nelson–chcel kliky za kredity

+ gnu–odpoved na to, ked apple zacal distribuovat SW bez zdrojakov (dovtedy otvoreny kod–SW sa nepredaval)

+ email

+ bbs

+ html
========1993=========

+ www–Lee v CERNe od 89, naplno v 93 po spoplatneni Gophera a s launchom grafickeho Mosaicu (vyvinuli v labe v Illinois vdaka Goreovmu grantu)=>top inet protokol, potom *94 W3C v MIT (ked Lee odisiel z CERNu; s podporou DARPA a EU)

========1995/96=========

+ php–v 94 Lendorf (4 etznab XII, gronec, v 93 skoncil system engineering vo Waterloo), povodne na jeho homepage (Personal Home Page)–kde PHPckom (v Ccku) nahradil Perl skript, ktorym updatoval svoje CV a navstevnost, neskor pridal databazy a dynamiku, v lete 95 to pustil von na debugging, PHP license (compatible w/ GPL), spravil prve 2 verzie, potom prebrali vedenie vyvoja izraelci Gutmans a Suraski, v 97 prepisali parser, a neskor aj jadro, potom zalozili Zend

+ mysql–vyvijany svedskou firmou MySQL AB–teraz pod Sun, ktory vlastni copyright na vacsinu jadra(?), ale je pod GPL, prva verzia v 95. v praxi: drupal, joomla!, wordpress, mediawiki, flickr, facebook, google, youtube
+ apache–webserver, najprv McCool ktory robil pre NCSA HTTPd (v Illinois), odkial odisiel v polke 94, dalej nadviazali patchmi dalsi koderi, ktori neskor vytvorili Apache Group, skupina ho volala “a patchy server”. prva verzia v 95, povodne alternativa k Netscape webserveru (dnes Sun Java webserver), od 96 najpopularnejsi webserver na www, v Ccku, dnes 50% vsetkych webov. vlastna (Apache) licencia, ktora neni kompatibilna s GPL. Apache Group presla v 99 na neziskovku Apache SW Foundation (“decentralized community of developers”, meritocracy, ApacheCon kazdy rok).

+ css–pocas vzniku w3c, 9 navrhov na w3c liste, presli dva–dvaja nori (Lie+Bos) sa spojili (jeden je top v Opere, druhy CSS/W3C), rozvijane vo working grupe v w3c, launch v 95, ale plny adapt do browsrov az v 00, css2 98 (ma positioning) stale neni plny

+ javascript–typek v Netscape, 95, Netscape ho spustil s javou

+ xml–je specifikacia pre tvorbu vlastnych markup jazykov(xhtml,rss,atd), od late 80s SGML, do W3C to v 95 priniesol Dan Connolly, od mid-96 Bosak v Sune sa obklopil ludmi zo SGML aj webu, zrobila ho 11-clenna skupina (len emaily a teleconf) + 150 poradna skupina, hlavni editori Tim Bray (6 cauac 55) a Michael Sperberg-McQueen, prva verzia v 96, W3C ho spustila v 98
+ google–Brin(7 oc* VIII 73 le, rodicia vedci emigrovali z Ruska ked mal 6yr lebo otec Zid, montessori ZS, comp sci+math Bc Maryland, v 95 comp sci MA Stanford)+Page(2 ik I 73 ar, syn pocitacoveho vedca a programatorky, matka Zidovka, montessori ZS, comp eng BC Michigan, v 95 comp sci MA Stanford, v PhD riesil linkovanie na webe–s ohladom na akademicke citacie), stretli sa ako PhD studaci v 95 na Stanforde, vymysleli PageRank alg pre urcovanie dolezitosti stranok, napisali spolu zasadny paper “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine”, a v 96 prva verzia googla–na webe Stanfordu, Google inc *98, v 01 najali noveho sefa Schmidta, Brin je proti cenzure v cinskom Googli. rozbehli 00 Adwords, 04 Gmail, 06 Google Maps, 07 Google Reader, 08 Google Chrome. kupili 03 Blogger, 03+07 AdSense (3 mld), 04 Picasa, 06 Google Docs, 06 Youtube (1.6 mld), 07 Jaiku.
========1999=========

+ blogy/blogger/blogspot/livejournal–Brad Fitzgerald (12 lamat* 80 aq, MA comp sci Seattle) spustil LiveJournal (FLOSS, podobna WELLu, ma SNS featury) v 3/99 aby jeho SS-spoluziaci vedeli co robi, v 05 predal firmu pre Six Apart, z tej odisiel v 07, teraz je v Googli; slovo+sloveso blog (z “we-blog”) spopularizovala firma Pyra Labs (Evan Williams–6 ik XI 72 ar, podnikatel, zije v SF; spolu s Meg Hourihan–spoluzakladatelka–Kottkeho zena & Paul Bausch–koder)–v 8/99 spustili servis Blogger–najprv uplne free a no revenue model, az firme vyschli vrecka, z-ci robili mesiace zadara, az nastal masovy odchod (vratane Hourihan), a nechali v tom Williamsa sameho, podrzala ho investicia z Trellixu, potom spustil advertising-supported Blogspot a Blogger Pro, v 02 kompletne prepisany kod, aby ho mohli licencovat inym firmam; v 03 ich kupil Google–vtedy mala firma 6 ludi, v 04 odtial Williams odisiel a zalozil firmu Odeo (podcasting), potom Obvious–tam aj Twitter
+ rss (vs typek z OAI)–99-01 ho spravil Guha v Netscape pre ich web, ale novy majitel AOL to vyhodil, potom komplikovane, tri subjekty to riesili paralelne (Winer/UserLand+Berkman Center, RSS-DEV[Guha]+O’Reilly, Atom), rss2 v 02, oranz.ikona od 05 v browsroch

========2003=========

+ trackback/backlinks–s trackbackom prisiel Movable Type v 02, nepodporuje ho Blogger (ten ma backlinks–which allow users to employ Google’s search infrastructure to show links between blog entries–??)

+ wordpress–povodne b2\cafelog–written in PHP+MySQL by Michel Valdrighi, potom par mesiacov vypadok vyvoja, v 03 sa ho chopil Mullenweg (4 akbal* III 84 cp, artova SS–hra na jazzovy saxik, v 04 spustil Ping-O-Matic ktory informuje search enginy o blog updatoch, v 04 odisiel z VS v Houstone do SF robit pre CNET–tam do 05, v 05 vypustil Akismet proti comment/trackback spamu, v 05 zalozil firmu Automattic), k nemu sa hned pripojil Mike Little, a potom aj sam Valdrighi, WordPress *03, v 03 na nom bezi 2000 blogov, v 04 je Movable Type spoplatnena (neskor to Six Apart olutovali a vratili sa ku GPL), ludia masovo prechadzaju na WordPress, v 06 prva WP conf v style Barcamp
+ myspace–lahky upload mp3, zrobilo ho par z-cov eUniverse po spusteni Friendstera v 02, mali za chrbtom firmu takze nemali start-up probs; the project was overseen by Brad Greenspan (eUniverse’s Founder, Chairman, CEO), who managed Chris DeWolfe (66, MySpace’s starting CEO), Josh Berman, Tom Anderson (71, MySpace’s starting president, Bc rhetorics+english Berkeley, MA film-critical studies LA, “Tom”–to je asi len PR tah), and a team of programmers and resources provided by eUniverse. snazili sa razit mytus o garazovej firme, ale bola to premyslena PR kampan na prebratie Friendstera. The very first MySpace users were eUniverse employees; the company held contests to see who could sign-up the most users; the company then used its resources to push MySpace to the masses. eUniverse used its 20 million users and e-mail subscribers to quickly breathe life into MySpace, and move it to the head of the pack of social networking websites; a key architect was tech expert __Toan Nguyen__ who helped stabilize the MySpace platform when Brad Greenspan asked him to join the team. spusteny v 03, v 05 ich kupil News Corp (Murdoch)–ziskali tiez kontrolu nad adminovym/”Tom”ovym accountom; v 06 Greenspan vydal “MySpace Report”–“News Corp’s acquisition of MySpace as is one of the largest merger and acquisition scandals in U.S. history” & News Corp should have valued MySpace at US$20 billion rather than US$327 million; v 6/06 najpopularnejsi SNS v USA, dnes 300 z-cov, HQ v Beverly Hills (spolu s Foxom), v 06 UK verzia, neskor cinska. http://www.valleywag.com/tech/myspace/myspace-the-business-of-spam-20-exhaustive-edition-199924.php

+ last.fm–02, audioscrobbler–projekt Richarda Jonesa na comp sci skole v Southamptone, last.fm zacalo v 02 ako internet radio a music community site (Felix Miller, Martin Stiksel, Saulyus Chyamolonskas, Michael Breidenbruecker and Thomas Willomitzer)–useri si mohli customizovat cez love/ban profily, nominovane na Prix AE v 03, last.fm uzko spolupracovalo s audioscrobbler od 03–spolocny ofis vo Whitechapel/London, v 05 zlucili aj sajty, v 06 spustili japoncinu a neskor dalsie jazyky, rozne hudobne ceny, 5/07 ich kupilo CBS Interactive za 280m USD, mgmt team ostal, imeem.com ma ale ovela viac userov. funded from the sale of online advertising space, monthly user subscriptions and donations (prvy dar v 04 od investicneho bankara Petra Gardnera; potom Stefan Glaenzer, Joi Ito, Reid Hoffman; v 06 prvy venture capital od Index Ventures). v 2008 maju 82 z-cov v East London

+ del.icio.us–The precursor to Delicious was Muxway, a link blog that had grown out of a text file that Schachter maintained to keep track of links related to Memepool (*98 multi-autor blog s linkami). founded by Joshua Schachter (74, BS electrical/comp engineer Pittsburgh) in 9/03 and acquired by Yahoo! in 12/05 (30m USD), 5mil+ users v 2008, HQ Santa Clara/California,

========2004=========

+ rubyonrails–was extracted by David Heinemeier Hansson (3 men 79 li, DK, Bc comp sci+biz admin, v 05 odisiel do Chicaga) from his work on Basecamp, a project management tool by 37signals, prvy release v 04, bezi na Mongrel/Apache+CGI/atd, vystup v HMTL aj XML, extensive use of JavaScript libraries Prototype and Script.aculo.us for Ajax, MIT license, od 07 sucast Mac OS X, TM vlastni ten typek a nepusti logo tam kde nema sam prsty
+ gmail–*04, 1gb mail storage,handling mailov podla topicov(na sposob komentarov k clankom)

========2006=========

+ twitter~microblogging–users can receive updates via the Twitter website, SMS, RSS, email or through an application such as Tweetie, TwitterFon, Twitterrific, Feedalizr or Facebook; *06 Founded by Jack Dorsey (koncept), Biz Stone and Evan Williams (Blogger); zacalo ako R&D v Odeone; napisany v Ruby on Rails (kvoli rychlosti zvazovali presun na PHP alebo Javu, ale nakoniec nie), HQ v SF, najprv pouzivali z-ci vnutri firmy Obvious, potom von v 10/06, v 07 firma Twitter–CEO Dorsey–od 08 Williams, EN verzia bez reklam, ale JP verzia je s reklamami, su len 2 jazykove verzie, inonarodne ich predbiehaju
+ flickr–lahky multiupload jpg

+ youtube–dvaja typci z paypal,rychly stream videi

+ (secondlife)
+ flash

+ facebook–v 4/08 predbehol myspace

www

the World Wide Web was begun in 1989 by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee, working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1990, he proposed building a “web of nodes” storing “hypertext pages” viewed by “browsers” on a network,[1] and released that web in 1992.

http://www.w3.org/Proposal.html

In March 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a proposal[4] which referenced ENQUIRE and described a more elaborate information management system. With help from Robert Cailliau, he published a more formal proposal (on November 12, 1990) to build a “Hypertext project” called “WorldWideWeb” (one word, also “W3”)[1] as a “web of nodes” with “hypertext documents” to store data.

The proposal had been modeled after EBT’s (Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University) Dynatext SGML reader that CERN had licensed. The Dynatext system, although technically advanced (a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime), was considered too expensive and with an inappropriate licensing policy for general HEP (High Energy Physics) community use: a fee for each document and each time a document was charged.

By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:[5] the first Web browser (which was a Web editor as well), the first Web server, and the first Web pages[6] which described the project itself.

facebook
it’s closed system like skype or icq (you have to ‘register’),
but function-wise it is state-of-the-art tool regarding online
communication–it’s instant, and if you decide that you want to
use it for work rather than fun, it provides
pretty well developed collaborative environment:
it’s profile-based (either individual or group or event, etc),
and you post short or long statements or images or videos
(you can also share your calendar for instance),
and get news feed from everyone in your ‘friends’ list.
i want to explore what and (technically) what way you
can export data outside.
saw already many artists, activists and cultural people
use it a lot.
and you dont come into contact with dumb content coming
from people you dont know–only stuff from ‘friends’
is being filtered into your pages (plus horrible ads on
the side).
+
there’s pretty strong users’ pressure in cases when facebook inc
is taking stupid (and very predictable) steps against privacy,
usually they step back.
+
i hate revealing my personal stuff and supporting corporate
services of neoliberals (facebook is as ruthless
as microsoft), same like in case of mobile network providers,
or of skype, or of being hosted by webhosting companies
(in recent years it is better-hosted by friends and transparent
organisations), or of being connected to internet by private
telecom companies..
but emails and messengers and blogs are just not keeping
up with the progress on the side of technical possibilities..
and FLOSS social-networking-applications are only in
very early phases, like http://riseuplabs.org/crabgrass/
or http://elgg.org/ — i installed elgg on Multiplace server,
but it is still very primitive.. they still need several
years for development.. i think of these as the communication
tools at first place (in the context of email/skype/cellphone/
messaging/wiki).. what still remains is a question whether
we want to be creative with this ‘social-web’ craziness in any way..

*9th century
1.2mil + 0.3 working nonresidents
13th, charles IV, bridge, st vitus cathedral [gothic], uni, prague 3rd largest in europe
18th, prague = hradcany + mala strana + stare mesto + nove mesto
art noveau / baroque / cubist / gothic / neoclassical / ultramodern
8 uni (uk, cvut..)
aug 02 flooding
tram *05, bus *08, trolleybus *36, metro *74, ruzyne airport
castle said to be the biggest in the world at about 570m length and an average of about 130m wide

-18 austria-hungary, 18-38 csr, 39-45 protektorat cechy a morava, 45-60 csr, 60-90 cssr, 90-92 csfr, 93- cr

18 tomas garrigue masaryk 850.3.7-37 pi 3 lamat IV
35 edvard benes 884.5.28-48 ta 2 ahau IV
38 emil hacha 872.7.12-46 ca 9 chicchan* IX
45 benes // 45 klement gottwald 896.11.23-53 11 cauac XI
48 gottwald
53 antonin zapotocky 884.12.19-57 12 chicchan II // antonin novotny 04.12.10-75 sa 10 cib II
57 novotny
68 ludvik svoboda 895.11.24-79 sa 11 men* VI // 68 alexander dubcek 21.11.27-92 sa 1 lamat XIII
// 69 gustav husak 13.1.10-91 cp 10 manik+ VII
75 husak
// 87 milos jakes 22.8.12 le 12 cimi XIII
89 vaclav havel 36.10.5 li 2 oc* XI

http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/6/6d/Gottwald100.jpg

SK bolo s cz v 1 state uz za rakuskeho cisarstva a potom za rak-uhorska.
Dual monarchia (867-18) sharovala armadu, fin a zahr. politiku.
R&U vytvorili alianciu s DE (1879) a IT (1882) aby vyvazili RU a FR mocnosti
1908 R&U anektovali bosnu&herz (okupovali ju od 1878 ako nasledok Great Balkan Crisis, ked R&U bolo neutralne ked sa rusko a turecko bili o srbsko, to nakoniec ziskalo nezavislost [Congress of Berlin]), ako spolocne vlastnictvo.
=> uvahy o CR+B&H ako tretej (slovanskej) casti monarchie, a Franz Ferdinand bol zastanca tohto trializmu, ktorym chcel obmedzit silu HU aristokracie => takze ho nemilovali v HU ani v srbsku (?!).
V 14 ho zavrazdili srbski nacionalisti v bosne (sarajevo).
Od 1878 [Congr of BLN] DE 5x zvysilo military costs, UK,RU,FR 3x, R&U ledva 2x.
1913 Srbsko ziskalo nove uzemia v Second Balkan War => obavy v R&U (ti stratili etnicky talianske uzemia).
Cast vlady chcela preventivnu vojnu so Srbskom, no 84yr vladca bol proti akymkolvek dobrodruzstvam.
No po atentate (vyuzili ako zamienku) vydala vlada backed by DE ally srbom July Ultimatum, ktore ratali ze srbi nikdy neakceptuju. => ti akceptovali 9, a iba cast 10teho, nasledne R&U vyhlasili vojnu => RU mobilizovala na podporu Srbska => domino reakcia dalsich protimobilizacii. IT najprv neutralna napriek aliancii, v 15 sa pridala na druhu stranu dufajuc ze ziska uzemia od byvalych spojencov.
konieckoncov bolo R&U vojenskym satelitom Nemecka
? okupacia SK madarskom v 1919?

DENMARK
dialnice 110km max :(

Poul Gernes (he is in the Dokumenta in 2007?) and made the first comprehensive monograph on his work some years ago. He made his own school “eksperimantal art scool” in 1962. Poul Gernes was a hippie-ayatollah-painter and banned all galleries and decided only to paint public buildings and giant wall paintings in hospitals. He died in 1996. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Gernes

COPENHAGEN
wifi mhd busy; ludia cakali v bare oproti Props na drinky v rade (asi 6 ludi) ako v banke; greenland people @christiania
http://copenhagen.unlike.net

*** stvrte ***
Christiania @Christianhavn: Cafe Månefiskeren w/ wifi; Morgenstedet veggie place 60dkk/jedlo s dlhymi nazvami; Pusherstreet fight ~ 10 stands w/ pot & hash); <1000 ppl; special law status - Christiania Law of 1989 (cast spravy je prevedena z mesta na stat); po ww2 tam popravovali war criminals; *1971 at squatted military area (kasarne sa tam po ww2 skoro nepouzivali, ked odisli strazilo uzemie len par guardov, susedia sa vlamali cez plot kvoli ihriskam pre svoje deti, mesiac nato Jacob Ludvigsen a 5 dalsich vydali magazin s clankom o vyhlaseni free town -- "opportunity to build society from a scratch"); DK defence ministry still owns the land. Since 1994, residents have paid taxes and fees for water, electricity, trash disposal, etc. Pot/hash trade tolerated till 2004=koniec pusherstreet, potom conflicts okolo takingover skupinami zvonka a market sa rozsiril do celeho mesta, neskor zas navrat do normalu. 4/2005 vrazda 26yr a 3 zranenia pri gang assault [norrebro immigrants] @pusherstreet due to feud over cannabis market - chceli take over po tom co v 2004 skoncil open cannabis trade. 5/2007 riots proti policii (entered to demolish leftovers of the small, abandoned building of Cigarkassen) - vytlacili ich. Forbidden: stealing, violence, guns, knives, bulletproof vests, hard drugs and bikers' colors. Residents now pay the rent ~ 200 eur / mo (1450 dkk). ?! In 9/2007, the representatives of Christiania and CPH's city council reached an agreement to cede control of Christiania to the city over the course of 10 years for the purposes of business development. + * Norrebro (bars Props a oproti cez ulicu, & gentrif), Nordvest (Bispebjerg), Valby=new gallery area; Christianshaven, which was built by Dutch people in 1600s. They were invited here because they knew how to build on stilts. It was reclaimed land that had been pumped dry. * Orestad - newly developed area, glass facades ~ people live in shop windows * Amager island - 200-300 years ago DK brought in Dutch people to grow vegetables here. They supplied the city with fresh vegetables. cafes: http://copenhagen.unlike.net/proximity?location_id=301177#lat/55.687723/zoom/13/lng/12.559724/category/300071-Food Kunsthal Charlottenborg (*2007), largest contemp art exhib venue @DK, building built in the 1880s for the salon and for the (next door) art academy professors to exhibit their work. via Pod: cool cafes in center: http://www.bookstoreguide.org/2007/11/paludans-book-caf-copenhagen.html http://www.cafe-retro.dk/ + and by all means go to Christiania... Manefiskeren - the central cafe, is online too = yummy veggie food at Morgenstedet + and "Norrebro" is CPh's kreuzkolln, eg. cafes online in Elmegade

rough summary:
900-1300s NO (nastup christianity v 1000s-1100s)
late 1300s-1521 Kalmar Union = DK+NO+SW (maju si byt rovni, ale DK aj tak ruluje)
1521-1814 DK+NO vs SW (NO v tazkom zavese za DK; nastup protestantizmu v 1500s)
1814-1905 SW+NO, DK (NO ma len pomaly rozvoj)
od 1905 uz konecne neni vassal state (v 1814 bolo pol roka samostatne, a predtym do 1300s)

povodni domorodci (north+central NO) = Sámi people.
900 – po bitke pri Stavangeri Harald Fairhair unitol Vikingov = prvy NO kral, tvrda ruka, tak miestni odchadzaju kolonizovat okolie (IS, Greenland, Faroe, zalozili napriklad Dublin).
1000s-1100s – christianity replaces norse traditions.
Feudalism never really developed in Norway and Sweden, as it did in the rest of Europe.
1300s: Black Death kills 50-60% NO – velmi dlho sa z toho spamatavali.

1397: NO+DK kralovna Margaret si nasla Erika a v Kalmare bol korunovany za krala NO+DK+SW = Kalmar Union.
* 1521 SW vystupuje z Kalmar Union
* 1536 nastup protestantizmu, NO sa stava tributary of DK = vsetky prijmy cirkvi idu do CPH.
* 1600s SW ziskava niekolko provincii NO (vela vojen DK-NO vs SW)
* 1611 king Christian IV napadol SW, chce ho pripojit spet k DK, ale nepodarilo sa, SW has to pay vysoke war indemnity (Aelvsborg ransom), z penazi postavi Gluckstadt (ako rival Hamburgu), vyhorene Oslo->Christiania, Christianshavn (@DK, dnes tam aj Christiania), a dalsie mesta.
* 1801+07 Battles of CPH = UK napada CPH (lebo DK-NO je neutralne kvoli obchodu s FR[Napoleon] aj s UK) => UK kontroluje waterways bwn NO a DK. => 1813 DK-NO bankrotuje.
* 1814 Congress of Vienna + Trety of Kiel: DK-NO musi odovzdat NO Svedsku (DK si necha Iceland, Greenland, Faroe). 17.5. NO ale vyhlasuje samostatnost (ustava vychadza z US a FR), DK-NO korunny princ vyhlaseny za NO krala

1814 NO+DK sa rozpada (po 436yr) – kingdom’s royal, intellectual, administrative power was centred in CPH ~ “400-Year Night” by NO romantics => NO-SW war – RU a UK ich pritlacili do spolocnej unie – v nej ma NO pomaly ekon.rozvoj => 2/2 1800s *NO romantic nationalism.
Henrik Wergeland (1808-45) anarchista a la Kropotkin or Ragnar Frisch.
1848 protesty v EUR sa NO moc nedotkli – burzoazia moc mala, centralnu moc ma aristokracia. ale Marcus Thrane (!!) utopian socialist – labour society of 20000 (incl. Ibsen) for changing social structure -> revolt -> crushed (po zalari odisiel do USA). Thrane 1851: Proudhon is “with no doubt greatest genius of our time”.
In 1850 the 22yr Ibsen used the play “Catilina” to promote the anarchist ideal about fairness and freedom without violence, investigated in a societal context, universally and individually, probably inspirated by Proudhon.
1905 NO peacefully samostatne (po 586yr, thx to Christian Michelsen shipping magnate + NO prime minister) – v referende ludia za kralovstvo.

WW1 NO neutral.
WW2 NO neutral, ale surprise attack z DE (NO had 4th largest merchant marine fleet in world & heavy water plant – DE ho potrebuju pre nuclear program – ten neskor sabotaged by NO resistance), ti instalovali kvazi protektorat (Vidkun Quisling je babkovy premier), kral a vlada vysiela radiom z Londyna a podporuje clandestine attacks against Nazis in NO.
Price control and rationing of housing and cars continued as long as until 1960.
1969 Philips objavili petroleum loziska na zapad od NO, 1973 stat zaklada Statoil, vela investicii a net income az od early 1980s.
Late 90s – zahr.dlh splateny, a NO si robi sovereign wealth fund, od 90s divisive question in politics = kolko oil penazi ma stat minut a kolko usetrit.

(‘neutralny’ opis spolocnosti je falosny)
Zizek sees that the description
of the society that purported to be “neutral” would not
be objective, but would formally be “false” because it would
involve accepting the existing order. In a manner that is
reminiscent of Max Horkheimer’s 1937 essay “Traditional
and Critical Theory,” Zizek reads Lukács as maintaining
that a critical theory must recognize its own situatedness
and its own commitments to political action and social
transformation. Zizek wants to follow Lukács by showing
that historicism is not sufficiently historicist because it does
not give an account of itself as a social phenomenon and is
thus incomplete. Zizek maintains that social theory cannot
be objective in the sense of being politically “neutral,” and it
is incomplete unless it takes its own social embeddedness
into account. An important aspect of what the critical social
theory would have to explain is a question that traditional
theory ignores: Why does it meet with resistance? In this
respect for Zizek critical social theory is similar to psychoanalytic
theory, which also has to explain why its explanations
are often resisted at first by patients.
+
Saying that a
theory is partial is not the same as saying that it is false insofar
as partial representation is not the same as misrepresentation
or distortion.
(==> lukacs kritizoval ze ciastocna teoria je falosna, ze vtedy ide ‘len’ o jednu z perspektiv,
ktora zahrna len ciastocny obraz socialnej reality, ktora teda nie je objektivna, treba celostnu,
resp vedomie “imputed” to the class—-[to som nepochopil dobre];
kym zizek tvrdi ze angazovana ciastocna je ok kym som si vedomy ze je ciastocna lebo je pravdiva,
kedze ciastocna reprezentacia nie je to iste ako misrepresentation or distortion.
cize je ok teoretizovat localised case studies, napriklad na zaklade honest autobiografie).
+
critique of ideology:
Marx @ Capital: “They do not know it, but they are doing it.”
Zizek via Sloterdijk about it: Marx is interpreted wrongly and should go
“They know very well what they are doing, but still, they are doing it.”
~ instead of “we misrecognize what is really going on”, it suggests
“we misrecognize that nothing is really going on”.
This thought that things seem to be one
way but really are another way implies that there is a level
of reality that could be grasped correctly. Zizek manages to
disrupt this traditional epistemological understanding of
the distinction between appearance and reality.
& false: “reality is just an illusion”.
“ideology has nothing to do with ‘illusion'”.
“social reality” is an “ethical construction”.
+
the totality is encountered in its purest form when it fails, and when one
tries to distance oneself from it in order to maintain one’s
own purity.
+
“purity is the most perfidious form of ‘cheating.’ ”
+
(pochopit to v celku – to nejde – ale nechcem si to priznat –
nechcem vidiet ze si to neviem priznat)
Reality is usually thought of in terms of everything
that is the case, and it is also assumed that everything
coheres with everything else to form a totality, whether one
can grasp this totality or not. Generally it is granted that the
human mind cannot grasp the totality. If that is so, it can reasonably
be asked whether this notion of the totality is not
simply a product of the imagination. Zizek’s statement that
the totality, which is impossible, tries to cover up its own
impossibility, is admittedly paradoxical. How could something
that did not exist cover up its own nonexistence? The
answer depends on a psychoanalytic premise that
the fantasy desires to hide from itself its own inability to face up
to the nonexistence and the impossibility of its fantasized object.
+
(?) instead of thinking of reality as a given that is
antecedent to experience, one must try to think of reality as a
failed effect
+
If consciousness is nothing but the consciousness of
something other than it, and if that which is other-than-it is
nothing in itself, then it is not surprising that consciousness
is inscrutable.
“Consciousness, in effect, equals anxiety.”
+
the anxious awareness of mortality is not simply one
among many aspects of conscious awareness, but its “very
zero-level.” ~ [anthropocentric humanism]
+
“very model of self-awareness”: “ ‘I
know very well that I am mortal, but nevertheless. . . . (I do
not accept it; I unconsciously believe in my immortality,
since I cannot envisage my own death).’ ”
+
For Zizek poststructuralism is a misunderstanding
of French philosophy by North Americans:
“In short, an entity like ‘poststructuralist deconstructionism’
(the term itself is not used in France) comes into existence
only for a gaze that is unaware of the details of the
philosophical scene in France: this gaze brings together
authors (Derrida, Deleuze, Foucault, Lyotard, . . . ) who are
simply not perceived as part of the same épistème in
France.”68 On his view, to consider poststructuralism as a
form of critical theory is “a classification which is unthinkable
in France.”

[56]

[56]

[34-35]

[16]

[24]

[279]

[78-79]
z hrubej knihy o Wroclawi – dejiny mesta