not

Until recently, two main parties@Eur: a right-of-centre party (Christian Democrat, liberal-conservative, people’s) and a left-of-centre party (socialist, social-democratic); then smaller parties (ecologists, communists).
There is now one predominant centrist party that stands for global capitalism, usually with a liberal cultural agenda (for example, tolerance towards abortion, gay rights, religious and ethnic minorities). Opposing this party is an increasingly strong anti-immigrant populist party which, on its fringes, is accompanied by overtly racist neofascist groups.
PL (Tusk’s christdem lib conserv Civic Platform 42% vs Kaczynski’s national conserv Christian Law & Justice 32, 10/07),
NL (Rutte’s cons lib VVD 21% vs Wilders’ right populist PVV 16 vs Cohen’s socdem PvdA 20, 7/10),
NO (Stoltenberg’s socdem Labour 32% vs Jensen’s populist lib Progress 22 vs Solberg’s lib cons Conservative 14, 9/05) – ale lava vlada,
SW (Sahlin’s SocDem 31% vs Reinfeldt’s lib conserv Moderate Party 31, potom daleko nic, 9/10),
HU (Orban’s conserv christdem national Fidesz 53% vs Vona’s radical nationalist Jobbik 17 vs Mesterhazy’s socdem MSZP 17, potom len pod 10, 4/10)

we are entering a new epoch in which crisis – or, rather, a kind of economic state of emergency, with its attendant need for all sorts of austerity measures (cutting benefits, diminishing health and education services, making jobs more temporary) is permanent. Crisis is becoming a way of life.
After 1990 we entered a new era in which the predominant form of the exercise of state power became a depoliticised expert administration and the co-ordination of interests. The only way to introduce passion into this kind of politics, the only way to actively mobilise people, is through fear: the fear of immigrants, the fear of crime, the fear of godless sexual depravity, the fear of the excessive state (with its burden of high taxation and control), the fear of ecological catastrophe, as well as the fear of harassment (political correctness is the exemplary liberal form of the politics of fear).

What is increasingly emerging as the central human right in late-capitalist societies is the right not to be harassed, which is the right to be kept at a safe distance from others.

The contemporary redefinition of politics as the art of expert administration as politics without politics? This leads us to today’s tolerant liberal multiculturalism as an experience of the Other deprived of its Otherness – the decaffeinated Other.

After righteously rejecting direct populist racism as “unreasonable” and unacceptable for our democratic standards, they endorse “reasonably” racist protective measures: “We grant ourselves permission to applaud African and east European sportsmen, Asian doctors, Indian software programmers. We don’t want to kill anyone, we don’t want to organise any pogrom. But we also think that the best way to hinder the always unpredictable violent anti-immigrant defensive measures is to organise a reasonable anti-immigrant protection.” barbarism with a human face. It reveals the regression from the Christian love of one’s neighbour back to the pagan privileging of our tribe versus the barbarian Other.

rough summary:
900-1300s NO (nastup christianity v 1000s-1100s)
late 1300s-1521 Kalmar Union = DK+NO+SW (maju si byt rovni, ale DK aj tak ruluje)
1521-1814 DK+NO vs SW (NO v tazkom zavese za DK; nastup protestantizmu v 1500s)
1814-1905 SW+NO, DK (NO ma len pomaly rozvoj)
od 1905 uz konecne neni vassal state (v 1814 bolo pol roka samostatne, a predtym do 1300s)

povodni domorodci (north+central NO) = Sámi people.
900 – po bitke pri Stavangeri Harald Fairhair unitol Vikingov = prvy NO kral, tvrda ruka, tak miestni odchadzaju kolonizovat okolie (IS, Greenland, Faroe, zalozili napriklad Dublin).
1000s-1100s – christianity replaces norse traditions.
Feudalism never really developed in Norway and Sweden, as it did in the rest of Europe.
1300s: Black Death kills 50-60% NO – velmi dlho sa z toho spamatavali.

1397: NO+DK kralovna Margaret si nasla Erika a v Kalmare bol korunovany za krala NO+DK+SW = Kalmar Union.
* 1521 SW vystupuje z Kalmar Union
* 1536 nastup protestantizmu, NO sa stava tributary of DK = vsetky prijmy cirkvi idu do CPH.
* 1600s SW ziskava niekolko provincii NO (vela vojen DK-NO vs SW)
* 1611 king Christian IV napadol SW, chce ho pripojit spet k DK, ale nepodarilo sa, SW has to pay vysoke war indemnity (Aelvsborg ransom), z penazi postavi Gluckstadt (ako rival Hamburgu), vyhorene Oslo->Christiania, Christianshavn (@DK, dnes tam aj Christiania), a dalsie mesta.
* 1801+07 Battles of CPH = UK napada CPH (lebo DK-NO je neutralne kvoli obchodu s FR[Napoleon] aj s UK) => UK kontroluje waterways bwn NO a DK. => 1813 DK-NO bankrotuje.
* 1814 Congress of Vienna + Trety of Kiel: DK-NO musi odovzdat NO Svedsku (DK si necha Iceland, Greenland, Faroe). 17.5. NO ale vyhlasuje samostatnost (ustava vychadza z US a FR), DK-NO korunny princ vyhlaseny za NO krala

1814 NO+DK sa rozpada (po 436yr) – kingdom’s royal, intellectual, administrative power was centred in CPH ~ “400-Year Night” by NO romantics => NO-SW war – RU a UK ich pritlacili do spolocnej unie – v nej ma NO pomaly ekon.rozvoj => 2/2 1800s *NO romantic nationalism.
Henrik Wergeland (1808-45) anarchista a la Kropotkin or Ragnar Frisch.
1848 protesty v EUR sa NO moc nedotkli – burzoazia moc mala, centralnu moc ma aristokracia. ale Marcus Thrane (!!) utopian socialist – labour society of 20000 (incl. Ibsen) for changing social structure -> revolt -> crushed (po zalari odisiel do USA). Thrane 1851: Proudhon is “with no doubt greatest genius of our time”.
In 1850 the 22yr Ibsen used the play “Catilina” to promote the anarchist ideal about fairness and freedom without violence, investigated in a societal context, universally and individually, probably inspirated by Proudhon.
1905 NO peacefully samostatne (po 586yr, thx to Christian Michelsen shipping magnate + NO prime minister) – v referende ludia za kralovstvo.

WW1 NO neutral.
WW2 NO neutral, ale surprise attack z DE (NO had 4th largest merchant marine fleet in world & heavy water plant – DE ho potrebuju pre nuclear program – ten neskor sabotaged by NO resistance), ti instalovali kvazi protektorat (Vidkun Quisling je babkovy premier), kral a vlada vysiela radiom z Londyna a podporuje clandestine attacks against Nazis in NO.
Price control and rationing of housing and cars continued as long as until 1960.
1969 Philips objavili petroleum loziska na zapad od NO, 1973 stat zaklada Statoil, vela investicii a net income az od early 1980s.
Late 90s – zahr.dlh splateny, a NO si robi sovereign wealth fund, od 90s divisive question in politics = kolko oil penazi ma stat minut a kolko usetrit.